




A total of 130 overweight Iraqi women with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, the ages of the women ( 28 to 60) years, were divided into groups, group 5000 IU (65 women) as group A and control (65 women) as group B. were participants from The Specialized Center for Diabetes in Maysan Province and its related areas in the countryside and the city for this double-blind, randomized control trial (Maysan Province, Iraq). A placebo and 5000 IU of D3 daily were given to the participants for four months. Laboratory tests were conducted at baseline and four months to analyze serum levels. After four months of treatment, positive changes in total cholesterol, D3 levels, and LDL cholesterol. There was no statistically meaningful change in HDL and TG concentration, and there were no significant differences in age and place of residence. According to this study, vitamin D may help type 2 diabetics lower their total cholesterol and LDL concentrations.

- Abdel-Wareth, L., Haq, A., Turner, A., Khan, S., Salem, A., Mustafa, F., ... & Rajah, J. (2013). Total vitamin D assay comparison of the Roche Diagnostics “Vitamin D total” electrochemiluminescence protein binding assay with the Chromsystems HPLC method in a population with both D2 and D3 forms of vitamin D. Nutrients, 5(3), 971-980. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5030971
- Al-Daghri, N. M., Alkharfy, K. M., Al-Othman, A., El-Kholie, E., Moharram, O., Alokail, M. S., ... & Chrousos, G. P. (2012). Vitamin D supplementation as an adjuvant therapy for patients with T2DM: an 18-month prospective interventional study. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 11(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-11-85
- Alkharfy, K. M., Al-Daghri, N. M., Sabico, S. B., Al-Othman, A., Moharram, O., Alokail, M. S., ... & Chrousos, G. P. (2013). Vitamin D supplementation in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 on different therapeutic regimens: a one-year prospective study. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 12(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-12-113
- Al-Sofiani, M. E., Jammah, A., Racz, M., Khawaja, R. A., Hasanato, R., El-Fawal, H. A., ... & Mason, D. L. (2015). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose control and inflammatory response in type II diabetes: a double blind, randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.5812%2Fijem.22604
- Boon, N., Hul, G. B. J., Stegen, J. H. C. H., Sluijsmans, W. E. M., Valle, C., Langin, D., ... & Saris, W. H. M. (2007). An intervention study of the effects of calcium intake on faecal fat excretion, energy metabolism and adipose tissue mRNA expression of lipid-metabolism related proteins. International Journal of Obesity, 31(11), 1704-1712. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803660
- Breslavsky, A., Frand, J., Matas, Z., Boaz, M., Barnea, Z., & Shargorodsky, M. (2013). Effect of high doses of vitamin D on arterial properties, adiponectin, leptin and glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients. Clinical Nutrition, 32(6), 970-975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2013.01.020
- Eftekhari, M. H., Akbarzadeh, M., Dabbaghmanesh, M. H., & Hassanzadeh, J. (2014). The effect of calcitriol on lipid profile and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ARYA Atherosclerosis, 10(2), 82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25161675
- Forouhi, N. G., & Wareham, N. J. (2010). Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine, 38(11), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2010.08.007
- Grundy, S. M., & Denke, M. A. (1990). Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Journal of Lipid Research, 31(7), 1149-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2275(20)42625-2
- Hagström, E., Hellman, P., Larsson, T. E., Ingelsson, E., Berglund, L., Sundström, J., ... & Ärnlöv, J. (2009). Plasma parathyroid hormone and the risk of cardiovascular mortality in the community. Circulation, 119(21), 2765-2771. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.808733
- Holick, M. F. (2004). Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(6), 1678S-1688S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S
- Holick, M. F., & Chen, T. C. (2008). Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(4), 1080S-1086S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080S
- Holick, M. F., Binkley, N. C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Hanley, D. A., Heaney, R. P., ... & Weaver, C. M. (2011). Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(7), 1911-1930. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385
- Jorde, R., & Figenschau, Y. (2009). Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. European Journal Of Nutrition, 48(6), 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-009-0020-3
- Jorde, R., & Grimnes, G. (2011). Vitamin D and metabolic health with special reference to the effect of vitamin D on serum lipids. Progress in Lipid Research, 50(4), 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2011.05.001
- Jorde, R., Svartberg, J., & Sundsfjord, J. (2005). Serum parathyroid hormone as a predictor of increase in systolic blood pressure in men. Journal of Hypertension, 23(9), 1639-1644. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000179764.40701.36
- Kampmann, U., Mosekilde, L., Juhl, C., Moller, N., Christensen, B., Rejnmark, L., ... & Orskov, L. (2014). Effects of 12 weeks high dose vitamin D3 treatment on insulin sensitivity, beta cell function, and metabolic markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and vitamin D insufficiency–a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Metabolism, 63(9), 1115-1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.008
- Kamycheva, E., Sundsfjord, J., & Jorde, R. (2004). Serum parathyroid hormone levels predict coronary heart disease: the Tromsø Study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 11(1), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000114706.27531.01
- Karandish, M. (2014). The relationship between egg consumption during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Jentashapir Journal of Health Research, 5(1), 437-443. https://brieflands.com/articles/jjcmb-78680.html
- Kendrick, J., Targher, G., Smits, G., & Chonchol, M. (2009). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atherosclerosis, 205(1), 255-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.033
- Mohamad, M. I., El-Sherbeny, E. E., & Bekhet, M. M. (2016). The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 35(5), 399-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1026427
- Patel, P., Poretsky, L., & Liao, E. (2010). Lack of effect of subtherapeutic vitamin D treatment on glycemic and lipid parameters in type 2 diabetes: a pilot prospective randomized trial. Journal of Diabetes, 2(1), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2009.00057.x
- Rad, E. Y., Djalali, M., Koohdani, F., Saboor-Yaraghi, A. A., Eshraghian, M. R., Javanbakht, M. H., ... & Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M. J. (2014). The effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose control and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes type 2: a randomized clinical trial study. Iranian Journal Of Public Health, 43(12), 1651. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26171357/
- Robinson, J. G., & Stone, N. J. (2015). The 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a new paradigm supported by more evidence. European Heart Journal, 36(31), 2110-2118. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv182
- Ryu, O. H., Chung, W., Lee, S., Hong, K. S., Choi, M. G., & Yoo, H. J. (2014). The effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 29(5), 620. https://doi.org/10.3904%2Fkjim.2014.29.5.620
- Sadiya, A., Ahmed, S. M., Carlsson, M., Tesfa, Y., George, M., Ali, S. H., ... & Abusnana, S. (2015). Vitamin D supplementation in obese type 2 diabetes subjects in Ajman, UAE: a randomized controlled double-blinded clinical trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(6), 707-711. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.251
- Talaei, A., Mohamadi, M., & Adgi, Z. (2013). The effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 5(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-5-8
- Taylor, A. V., & Wise, P. H. (1998). Vitamin D replacement in Asians with diabetes may increase insulin resistance. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 74(872), 365-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.74.872.365
- Wang, H., Xia, N., Yang, Y., & Peng, D. Q. (2012). Influence of vitamin D supplementation on plasma lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-11-42
- Yiu, Y. F., Yiu, K. H., Siu, C. W., Chan, Y. H., Li, S. W., Wong, L. Y., ... & Tse, H. F. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplement on endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis, 227(1), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.12.013
- Zemel, M. B., Shi, H., Greer, B., Dirienzo, D., & Zemel, P. C. (2000). Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. The FASEB Journal, 14(9), 1132-1138. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.14.9.1132
- Zittermann, A., Frisch, S., Berthold, H. K., Götting, C., Kuhn, J., Kleesiek, K., ... & Koerfer, R. (2009). Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), 1321-1327. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004
