


Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious illness that can harm both mothers and unborn children and may even be fatal. It contributes significantly to maternal fatalities in underdeveloped countries. PE, which affects 2%–3% of women who are pregnant after 20 weeks of pregnancy, is marked by proteinuria and hypertension. PE is a significant condition that plays a significant role in maternal fatalities in underdeveloped countries and is a significant cause of death for both mothers and newborns. Each year, around 60,000 maternal fatalities occur in the world. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured in pregnant women during the first trimester and second trimesters. IL-6 was necessary to establish serum biomarkers that can accurately predict the onset of preeclampsia. In a prospective cohort study that was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department and Antenatal Care Unit at Maternity and Pediatrics Teaching Hospital in AL-Diwaniyah – Iraq, 160 pregnant patients between the years of 20 and 40 who were normotensive and had gestational ages of 10 to 13 weeks were included in this research between August 2021 and May 2022. Bioassays for IL-6 were conducted after blood samples were obtained. At the end of the study, it was confirmed that for women with pre-eclampsia (n = 33, 22.0%) and those women with no pre-eclampsia (n = 117, 78.0 %), there was no significant difference in the level between the preeclampsia and no preeclampsia group (p > 0.05).
- Aggarwal, R., Jain, A. K., Mittal, P., Kohli, M., Jawanjal, P., & Rath, G. (2019). Association of pro‐and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in preeclampsia. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 33(4), e22834. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22834
- Bakrania, B. A., Hall, M. E., Shahul, S., & Granger, J. P. (2019). The Reduced Uterine Perfusion Pressure (RUPP) rat model of preeclampsia exhibits impaired systolic function and global longitudinal strain during pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertension, 18, 169-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2019.10.001
- Bakrania, B. A., Spradley, F. T., Drummond, H. A., LaMarca, B., Ryan, M. J., & Granger, J. P. (2020). Preeclampsia: linking placental ischemia with maternal endothelial and vascular dysfunction. Comprehensive Physiology, 11(1), 1315. https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphy.c200008
- Cornelius, D. C. (2018). Preeclampsia: from inflammation to immunoregulation. Clinical Medicine Insights: Blood Disorders, 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179545X17752325
- Cunningham, M. W., Amaral, L. M., Campbell, N. E., Cornelius, D. C., Ibrahim, T., Vaka, V. R., & LaMarca, B. (2021). Investigation of interleukin-2-mediated changes in blood pressure, fetal growth restriction, and innate immune activation in normal pregnant rats and in a preclinical rat model of preeclampsia. Biology of Sex Differences, 12(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00345-0
- Dechend, R., Lamarca, B., & Davidge, S. T. (2022). Salt, Aldosterone, and the Renin–Angiotensin System in Pregnancy. Chesley's Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy, 335-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818417-2.00010-5
- Gencheva, D., Nikolov, F., Uchikova, E., Mihaylov, R., Pencheva, B., & Vasileva, M. (2022). Interleukin-6 and its correlations with maternal characteristics and echocardiographic parameters in pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension and normotensive pregnancy. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 33(2), 65-73. https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/pmc9364474
- Granger, J. P., Spradley, F. T., & Bakrania, B. A. (2018). The endothelin system: a critical player in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Current Hypertension Reports, 20(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0828-4
- Gronkowska, K. (2021). Aetiology, prophylaxis and management of preeclampsia. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica, 17, 111-121. https://doi.org/10.18778/1730-2366.16.22
- Gumusoglu, S. B., Chilukuri, A. S., Santillan, D. A., Santillan, M. K., & Stevens, H. E. (2020). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatal preeclampsia exposure. Trends in Neurosciences, 43(4), 253-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.02.003
- Issotina Zibrila, A., Wang, Z., Ali, M. A., Osei, J. A., Sun, Y., Zafar, S., ... & Liu, J. (2021). Pyridostigmine ameliorates preeclamptic features in pregnant rats by inhibiting tumour necrosis factor-α synthetsis and antagonizing tumour necrosis factor-α-related effects. Journal of Hypertension, 39(9), 1774-1789. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002932
- Ives, C. W., Sinkey, R., Rajapreyar, I., Tita, A. T., & Oparil, S. (2020). Preeclampsia—pathophysiology and clinical presentations: JACC state-of-the-art review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(14), 1690-1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.014
- Jasovic Siveska, E. (2013). Preeclampsia: Should be Predict and Prevent?. Reprod Syst Sex Disord, 3(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-038X.1000e113
- Lamarca, B., Brewer, J., & Wallace, K. (2011). IL-6-induced pathophysiology during pre-eclampsia: potential therapeutic role for magnesium sulfate?. International journal of interferon, cytokine and mediator research, 2011(3), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJICMR.S16320
- Levine, R. J., Maynard, S. E., Qian, C., Lim, K. H., England, L. J., Yu, K. F., ... & Karumanchi, S. A. (2004). Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(7), 672-683. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa031884
- Mauro, A. K., Khurshid, N., Berdahl, D. M., Ampey, A. C., Adu, D., Shah, D. M., & Boeldt, D. S. (2021). Cytokine concentrations direct endothelial function in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Journal of Endocrinology, 248(2), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-20-0397
- Nair, S., & Salomon, C. (2018, September). Extracellular vesicles and their immunomodulatory functions in pregnancy. In Seminars in immunopathology (Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 425-437). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-018-0680-2
- Nakashima, A., Shima, T., Aoki, A., Kawaguchi, M., Yasuda, I., Tsuda, S., ... & Saito, S. (2021). Molecular and immunological developments in placentas. Human Immunology, 82(5), 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2021.01.012
- Nawaz, M., & Verma, M. K. (2020). Evaluation of Differential Levels of Serum Interleukin-6 in Pre-Eclamptic and Normal Pregnancy Women. Chairman, Editorial Board, 8(1), 53.
- Negi, R., Haritha, V., Aziz, N., & Siddiqui, A. H. (2022). Biochemical markers in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia: novel link between placental growth factor and interleukin-6. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 477(6), 1765-1774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-022-04403-6
- Prairie, E., Côté, F., Tsakpinoglou, M., Mina, M., Quiniou, C., Leimert, K., ... & Chemtob, S. (2021). The determinant role of IL-6 in the establishment of inflammation leading to spontaneous preterm birth. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 59, 118-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.12.004
- Raymond, D., & Peterson, E. (2011). A critical review of early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 66(8), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0b013e3182331028
- Sani, H. M., Vahed, S. Z., & Ardalan, M. (2019). Preeclampsia: a close look at renal dysfunction. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 109, 408-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.082
- Setiawati, D. (2020). The Role of Inflammation in Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia: An Investigation of interleukin-6, interleukin 10, and the Ratio. International Journal of Medical Reviews and Case Reports, 4(10), 13-17. http://repositori.uin-alauddin.ac.id/id/eprint/20279
- Sircar, M., Thadhani, R., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2015). Pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, 24(2), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000105
- Stepan, H., Hund, M., & Andraczek, T. (2020). Combining biomarkers to predict pregnancy complications and redefine preeclampsia: the angiogenic-placental syndrome. Hypertension, 75(4), 918-926. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13763
- Trivedi, C. D., Trivedi, D. J., & Sagare, A. A. (2013). Oxidant and antioxidant imbalance as root cause in preeclampsia. Banaswini Publishing.
- Yagel, S., Cohen, S. M., & Goldman-Wohl, D. (2020). An integrated model of preeclampsia: a multifaceted syndrome of the maternal cardiovascular-placental-fetal array. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.023
